The Misguiding God: Intratextual Analysis of Ighwāʾ as a Gateway to Qur’anic Satanology

Two atypical verses in the Qur’an (7:16 and 15:39) have not yet received proper attention in the field of Quranic studies. In these verses, Iblīs (Satan) accuses God of misguiding him (ighwāʾ); and takes this as an excuse to mislead the children of Adam in turn. While these are the only two instances in the Qur’an in which God is directly accused of a wrong, it is remarkable that the Qur’an offers no rebuttal of Satan’s reproach. Unlike other passages in the Qur’an, God engages in a direct conversation with the Devil. Yet, after Iblis voices his accusation, he is neither refuted by God nor identified as a liar. This paper discusses these unusual passages in light of one perennial theoretical challenge posed to exegetes in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: How could Satan, created initially as a revered agent of God, turn into His archenemy following the creation of Adam? By examining the qur’anic occurrences of all derivatives of the mentioned term’s root i.e. gh-w-y, the meaning of the studied verses will be examined against the backdrop of Qur’anic discourse. Also, by researching early Arabic and Qur’anic dictionaries, potential historical evolvement of the term’s meaning will be addressed. This inquiry will be complemented by exploring the commentaries offered on these two verses in the genre of tafsīr (Qur’anic exegesis) in the formative period of Islamic thought. In modern Arabic dictionaries, the term ighwāʾ is understood in two ways: firstly, as “misguiding,” and secondly, as “seducing” or “luring.” Yet, the understanding of this notion has evolved over time. By determining the semantic value of ighwāʾ in the Qur’an, I seek to assess the theological implications of these Qur’anic passages. Ultimately, I argue that these verses shed light on the nature of Satan’s project, which began from the creation of Adam until Judgement Day. Taking revenge for his banishment from heaven following the prostration incident, it may be that Iblis’s claims can be understood as mimicking the divine decree in an altogether demonic reversion of values.