The past two decades have witnessed an exponential growth in interest in the audience to whom Muhammad proclaimed the Qur’an, and whose various reactions to the revelation are recorded in the scripture, including the pagan opponents to Muhammad in Mecca, the Jews in Medina, and the types of Christians with whom the qur’anic community may have been familiar. The identity and beliefs of these various communities have all been productively revisited, and the Qur’an has come into ever sharper focus the better we have been able to understand them. One major component of the Qur’an’s Medinan audience, however, has received virtually no attention: the munafiqun. Commonly translated as “the Hypocrites,” the munafiqun professed belief in Muhammad’s message, yet were not fully committed to his cause, harbored misgivings about his revelation, and liaised with the community’s enemies. Despite their evident political and theological significance, there has been no in-depth study of this group. My paper will examine one specific question in relation to this group: Are the Hypocrites entirely distinct from the Jews of Medina, or do they at least partially overlap? This question is particularly relevant for understanding the passage Q 2:8–20, which will be the primary focus of this study. Several phrases in the passage overlap with the Qur’an’s polemic elsewhere against the Hypocrites: these people say they believe in God but they do not really believe (v. 8; cf. Q 9:45), they attempt to deceive the believers with their show of faith (v. 9; cf. Q 63:1), and they mock and belittle the believers (v. 13; cf. Q 63:7–8). On the other hand, there are also indications that the passage is addressing Medinan Jews, rather than hypocrites, such as the accusation that they spread discord (fasad) in the land (vv. 11–12; cf. Q 5:64) and that they are two-faced, telling the believers that they too believe, while scornfully rejecting the believers in private (v. 14); both accusations occur later in the surah with respect to the Jews (vv. 60 and 76 respectively). This unclarity in the identity of the polemical target in the Q 2:8–20 passage is reflected in the exegetical tradition, with the Qur’an commentators split over whether these verses refer to Jews or Hypocrites. I will argue that the Qur’an here identifies a hybrid group, whom we may tentatively call Judaizing or Jewish hypocrites, who had links both to the Jewish community of Medina, but also wished to maintain some relationship with Muhammad and the newly arrived believers in the city. After establishing the identity of this group through the Q 2 passage, I will then examine several other passages in the Qur’an which may attest to its existence, e.g., the Qur’an frequently lists alongside the Hypocrites proper another, distinct group “in whose hearts is a disease” (Q 8:49, 33:12, 33:60), echoing the language in Q 2:10.