“We Have Made the Qur’an Easy to Remember, but Are There Any That Are Reminded?” (Q al-Qamar/54:17, 22, 32, 40): The Memory Challenge of Qur’anic Education

Memorizing Qur’anic passages is presumably one of the earliest, religious practices of what became the Islamic community. In addition to being a fundamental tool for oral transmission and an act of devotion, memorization is also embedded in the Qur’an itself through various mnemonic-technical devices, e.g., rhyme structures. While the Arabic root dh-k-r may sometimes refer to such memorization (Stewart 2000, 44), the Qur’anic text is also called dhikr or “remembrance” (e.g., Q 38:8) and throughout, humans are constantly reminded of their religious obligation, “to remember” (e.g., Q 2:221; 28:43). In turn, forgetfulness remains a major concern in the Qur’anic worldview, a concern that was initiated by the first human, Adam: “Formerly We made a covenant with Adam, but he forgot (fa-nasiya) and We found in him no constancy (lahu ʿazman)” (Q 20:115). Based on the insights from memory studies and Harvey Whitehouse’s theory on modes of religiosity (2002), this paper will explore the challenge of memory in the Qur’an and how it affects a Qur’anic ideal of education, that is, the ability to identify and remember knowledge or something that should have been learned. The paper will take an analytical point of departure in Sūrat al-Qamar (Q 54), arguing it to be a primary example of the educational project that is the Qur’an. This aspect of the sura seems to be somewhat overlooked, focus having mainly been on whether the first verse should be seen as a reference to Muhammad’s miraculous act of splitting the moon (al-Ṭabarī 2001, vol. 22:103–112). Although the sura evokes repetition, the use of punishment stories, and several unforgettable refrains (all educational strategies of the Qur’an; Christiansen 2019), Sūrat al-Qamar represents a case, in which the Qur’anic teacher appears to be rather weary or frustrated with his pupils: “We have made the Qur’an easy to remember – but are there any that are reminded?” Christiansen, Johanne Louise. 2019. ‘The Educational Qurʾan: “Maybe Youp Will Understand (Laʿallakum Taʿqilūn)”’. Numen 66 (5–6): 550–79. Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī. 2001. Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī: Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān. Edited by ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-Muḥsin Turkī. 26 vols. Cairo: Dār Har. Stewart, Devin J. 2000. ‘Understanding the Qur’an in English: Notes on Translation, Form, and Prophetic Typology’. In Diversity in Language: Contrastive Studies in English and Arabic Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, edited by Zeinab Ibrahim, Nagwa Kassabgy, and Sabiha Aydelott, 31–48. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. Whitehouse, Harvey. 2002. ‘Modes of Religiosity: Towards a Cognitive Explanation of the Sociopolitical Dynamics of Religion’. Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 14 (3–4): 293–315.