Freedom in Philo and Epictetus This paper introduces Philo’s treatise That Every Good Person is Free as an important source of first century CE Cynicism, which is generally known to have seen a significant revival at this time, but is barely documented. While Philo’s treatise has been noticed in recent scholarship on Cynicism (Goulet Cazé, Cynicisme et Christianisme, 2014:107-9), attention has rather narrowly focused on the anecdotes of Diogenes of Sinope and the account of the Essenes (Prob. 75-91, 121-4). This paper takes a more holistic approach and argues that the Probus conveys a carefully designed philosophy of freedom expressed in a variety of arguments and exemplars. Parrhesia or free speech is a central features. Select passages will be interpreted in the historical context in which the treatise was most likely written, namely first century CE Rome (Niehoff 2018: 81-4). The Probus will emerges as a key-text written in Rome parallel to the teaching activities of the Cynic philosopher Demetrius and Seneca, the Stoic. Moreover, Epictetus, who was trained a generation later in Rome, wrote a discourse On Freedom, which strikingly resonates with his discourse On Cynicism, and represents the most thorough adoption of Cynic ideas on the part of a Stoic. Philo can unlock the riddle of the Cynic revival in first century CE Rome and illuminates the intellectual background of Epictetus. The paper will offer close readings of select passages, analyzed in the original Greek within the larger history of Cynic philosophy. The paper concludes with some remarks about Paul, who also addressed Roman audiences, most overtly in his Letter to the Romans. While scholarship on Cynic echoes in the NT has thus far focused on the Gospel, this paper argues that Paul’s emphasis on freedom and parrhesia is better understood in view of Philo and Epictetus.