1QSamuel, found in Cave 1 by de Vaux in 1949, was published in DJD 1 (1955). Barthelemy noted that this scroll did not contain 2 Sam 24, and suggested that the scribe could have attached this chapter to a scroll of Kings. A hitherto unknown fragment of 1QSamuel has surfaced in The Schøyen Collection (2 Sam 20:22-24). The presence of this fragment enables a new reconstruction of the end of this Samuel scroll, which preserved remnants of chs. 20, 21, and 23. This scroll, copied in the early Herodian period, neither contained the psalm of ch. 22 (=Ps 18) nor the story of the census in ch. 24. Only five of the eight appendices to 2 Samuel in chs. 21–24 were present in this early recension, and the sequence of the appendices is different from the later canonical order. 1QSamuel shows a stage in the literary growth of Samuel before the book had reached its final form. The recension of 1QSamuel represents a documentary confirmation and refinement of Karl Budde’s outlining of the editorial process behind 2 Samuel (in 1903). It shows light on the development of the varied textual tradition of the books of Samuel in Hebrew and Greek. A tentative outline of the main editorial processes behind 1–Samuel will be suggested.