Overbearing Mothers and Childhood Regression: A Feminist Psychoanalytic Reading of Judges 4–5

Judges 4-5 is a text that can easily produce a wealth of interpretation and readings through such approaches as historical traditional criticism, redaction criticism, new literary criticism, and new historicism. As the story features two women who rise as leaders of a patriarchal society to deliver the nation in a time of war and oppression, a feminist critical approach is appropriate for interpretation of the passage. What is rather strange is the lack of feminist critics interpreting the text through a psychoanalytic lens. This paper will, therefore, read Judges 4-5 in its canonical form through a feminist psychoanalytic view with the aim of answering what such a reading can offer the current field of feminist biblical critique on this passage, in particular how two women in ancient Israelite society yielded great power over two military commanders. This text is an example of female subversion of patriarchal culture but the main concern is with how this subversion takes place: through Deborah’s and Jael’s roles as mothers and Barak’s and Sisera’s regression to childhood behaviors and mentality. In Judges 4-5, Deborah and Jael are indeed women who step outside of patriarchal bounds and seize the moment to deliver ancient Israel. The possibility for their powerful actions is opened by way of the main male characters of the story. Barak and Sisera regress to a childhood state and become dependent upon Deborah and Jael, who act as mothers towards both men. A feminist psychoanalytic approach to this text offers a reading that gives reason and opportunity for Deborah and Jael to assert themselves in a patriarchal society.